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Mayan warriors wore jaguar skins into battle as a sign of honor and courage. This system also uses a different digit representation. The numerals are made up of three symbols: zero (a shell),[1] one (a dot) and five (a bar). The capital was also divided into four main quadrants, with the Templo Mayor at the center. The original stone is housed at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City, but the Florida Museum of Natural History displays a full-size replica in the Dickinson Hall courtyard on the University of Florida campus. I am trying to sya I like only the yellow bathing suit. Mayan Pyramids of the Classic Maya, A.D. 250-900. Write your answer in English. The word chocolate may conjure up images of sweet candy bars and luscious truffles, but the confections of read more, The Aztecs, who probably originated as a nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century. The 3 important achievements of the ancient maya is that the people built roads,cities,and more and their math was more advanced than Europes and that helped them very much and they were also good at astronomy. Escoge la mejor respuesta.Si ests al aire libre en el parque Los Glaciares, probablemente tienes _____. Reminding everyone, of the larger forces that are behind all creation, this Earth symbol represents movement, transition, and synchronization. Kukulkan cult temples during the Post-Classical era can be found in Chichen Itza, Uxmal and Mayapan. La casa es de la chico. Yucatan Peninsula. Its just innate, because without electric lights, all you have to do at night is look up and see the vastness of the stars in the sky.. It was a vigesimal (base-20) positional numeral system. Native wisdom relates the Eagle with skill and determination too because of its ability to fulfill its needs in the most efficient way. To know how to properly spell or pronounce the name, one would have to go to the original language in which the name was first used, and then, it likely would be represented by a glyph, not by anything spelled out phonetically, Why is there a frog on one of the sculptres. An infinitive verb stead of horizontally. California Do not sell my personal information. This article is part of our larger selection of posts about the Mayans. The combination of a Tzolkin date and a Haab date was enough to identify a date to most peoples satisfaction, as such a combination did not occur again for another 52 years, above general life expectancy. They are also credited with some of the earliest uses of chocolate and of rubber. 13751520 C.E. The most exciting isYou will be graded on (a) message delivery/comprehension, (b) control of target grammar structures, (c) pronunciation, (d) control of target vocabulary, and (e) task completion per the World Languages Speaking Rubric.//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////Compara diferentes tipos de msica usando comparativos y superlativos. The day repeats every 260 days in their calendar cycle. The Spanish buried the 12-foot-wide calendar stone, also known as the Sun Stone, face down before it was uncovered in 1790. Mayan numerals codes in Unicode comprise the block 1D2E0 to 1D2F3. Direct link to sgh72009's post I don't really know the a, Posted 6 years ago. It is the only pre-Hispanic writing system of Mesoamerica that has been largely deciphered (see image below). Grabe durante al menos 30 segundos y elija un mnimo de 3 estructuras a continuacin para crear sus propias oraciones. Since the eight earliest Long Count dates appear outside the Maya homeland,[6] it is assumed that the use of zero and the Long Count calendar predated the Maya, and was possibly the invention of the Olmec. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-americas/maya. Just like Roman numerals, they are combined to symbolize a numeral and this enabled They probably killed a lot less people than we have in the 20th century through collective warfare., Im afraid that warfare is endemic to our cultures. Numbers after 19 were written vertically in powers of twenty. )[3] Subsequent positions use all twenty digits and the place values continue as 182020 = 7,200 and 18202020 = 144,000, etc. To learn more, click here for our comprehensive guide to the Mayans. Other deposits related to warfare and sacrifice, containing items like human skull masks with obsidian blade tongues and noses and sacrificial knives. A new study on one of the most important remaining artifacts from the Aztec Empire, a 24-ton basalt calendar stone, interprets the stone's central image as the death of the sun god Tonatiuh during an eclipse, an event Aztecs believed would lead to a global apocalypse accompanied by earthquakes. The Aztec obsession with astronomy was not an anomaly, she said. Therefore, (120) + 13 = 33. Maya chronology consisted of three main elements: a 260-day sacred year ( tzolkin) formed by the combination of 13 numbers (1 to 13) and 20 day names; a solar year ( haab ), divided into 18 months of 20 days numbered from 0 to 19, followed by a five-day unlucky period (Uayeb); and a series of cycles uinal (20 kins, or days), tun (360 days . Important part of the Maya diet - eaten every day, The region of the Americas where civilizations flourshed in he pre-columbian history of Central America and Southern Mexico. The rhyme is used as a defense against name-calling and verbal bullying, intended to increase resiliency, avoid physical retaliation and to remain calm and good-living. Astronomy and religion have always been connected, she said. It has a strong vision and can see even at night. All rights reserved. One by one, the Classic cities in the southern lowlands were abandoned, and by A.D. 900, Mayan civilization in that region had collapsed. . The environment also held other treasures for the Maya, including jade, quetzal feathers (used to decorate the elaborate costumes of Maya nobility) and marine shells, which were used as trumpets in ceremonies and warfare. 3. The myth surrounding this deity mention the god as a creator of the cosmos in the Popul Vuh, the Kiche Maya sacred book. Gender roles are no longer evolving around the world b. Culturally and individually, people view the role of men and women differently c. Decision-making and authority are clearly established as female prerogatives within most cultures d. When people leave a country, they also leave behind their cultural values and How can team development techniques be used to advance the goals and objectives of a company's organizational development program. There are also a lot of other cultures who have a stories of a pregnancy that doesn't occur naturally. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. The ancient Mayans revered the Jaguar and accorded it immense religious importance, second only to the snake god. Like other early Mexican societies, the Aztecs relied heavily on agriculture, growing maize, beans and squash to sustain their population. 3. Es el rap el mejor tipo de msica? They built palaces, temples, pyramids, walls, and homes. Large stone monuments that often tell of important kings, priests, or personages in a city. Of The serpent god is also called the Vision Serpent. The Late Preclassic city of Mirador, in the northern Peten, was one of the greatest cities ever built in the pre-Columbian Americas. Maya numerals consisted of only three symbols: zero was represented as a cacao bean or shell shape; one was represented by a dot; and five by a bar. Werner Forman/Universal Images Group/Getty Images. B). In Mayan mythology, Bacab is any of the four gods who stood at the four corners of the world supporting the sky and the earth. Mayan Symbols: What Were They And What Did They Mean? Important Mayan city that has extensive building, home of king Pakal, located between highlands and lowlands in Mesoamerica, The Mayan calendar interwove a solar year of 365 days and a ceremonial calendar of _____ days, Mayan system of writing that included pictures and symbols for commication. Although we have in the numbering a copy of the symbolism of these objects for the Maya, we can describe several more below. ADD ANYTHING HERE OR JUST REMOVE IT college application checklist spreadsheet Facebook metaphors about spoons Twitter why is the development of a specification tree important Pinterest volunteering uk with accommodation linkedin the next step richelle and noah real life Telegram 4.What was the importance of stone, stick, and shell symbols in the Maya Empire? The Middle Preclassic Period also saw the rise of the first major Mesoamerican civilization, the Olmecs. Every known example of large numbers in the Maya system uses this 'modified vigesimal' system, with the third position representing multiples of 1820. Symbols used in the Mayan Mathematical, base 20 system. In 1978, electrical workers in Mexico City came across a remarkable discovery. De verdad me gustatan + adjetivo + como = como _____ comoEjemplo: Mi banda favorita no es tan popular como la banda favorita de mi amigo. . btw i copy and pasted because . All three of these factors overpopulation and overuse of the land, endemic warfare and drought may have played a part in the downfall of the Maya in the southern lowlands. "I digitized and converted many hard copy files to digital files." The Coyolxauhqui Stone, c. 1500. volcanic stone, found: Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan (Museo Nacional de Antropologa, Mexico City, photo: Thelmadatter, public domain). System used by the ancient Mayan civilization to represent numbers and dates, Modified vigesimal system in the Maya calendar, Anderson, W. French. Historians believe that the more than 3,000 structures on the site are the remains of a Mayan city called Yax Mutal, which was the capital of one of the most powerful kingdoms of the ancient empire. Using just these three symbols they were able to write all the numbers and do simple arithmetic. They would make an incision just below the sternum and reach upward into the chest while the victim was still alive. At its peak, the Maya population may have reached 2,000,000 or as many as 10,000,000. They were thought to serve as mediators between the gods and people on earth, and performed the elaborate religious ceremonies and rituals so important to the Maya culture. Its decipherment is ongoing, even today. Here is the Mayan sacred almanac of 260 days. As a god of the Mayan underworld, the jaguar ruled the celestial forces of night and day. Tlaloc was the deity of water and rain and was associated with agricultural fertility. So, it is associated with deep perception, foresight, and prudence. The three basic symbols are the stone, whose value is 1; the stick, whose value is 5; and the shell, whose value is 0. The Mayan symbol of Eagle also stands for protection, authority, and control, and is considered symbolic of unity or cooperation within a diverse group. The Mayan numeral system was the system to represent numbers and calendar dates in the Maya civilization. " Sticks and Stones " is an English-language children's rhyme. Computer Graphics and Multimedia Applications, Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management, Supply Chain Management / Operations Management. Which of the following is not an element of transformational leadership? Since a snake can shed its skin, it symbolizes renewal and rebirth. Mayan cities had magnificent palaces, monuments with intricate designs and temple pyramids that are still evident today. By the late 20th century, researchers had concluded that the climate of the lowlands was in fact quite environmentally diverse. Just going to start this by saying that what I am about to say is not for those who get queasy. The numerals are made up of three symbols; zero (shell shape), one (a dot) and five (a bar). Which of the following statements about gender roles is true? February 24, 2021. What was the importance of stone, stick, and shell symbols in the Maya Empire? This is known as the Altar of the Frogs. They did perhaps have a more foreboding look on their future than people in todays societies do, she said. This is a sample answer. gold, copper, highly decorated pottery, ritual items, and any other less-practical item used as a status symbol by upper-class Maya. Direct link to alexaroyal's post The Europeans had contact. What kind of music is the worst? You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, These objects represent Mayan numerals. The Europeans had contact with this culture. How do these issues and concerns impede team operations? building material - material used for constructing buildings. fro Black was also used in another important eclipse image of the dying sun in another Central Mexican codex. For example, thirteen is written as three dots in a horizontal row above two horizontal bars; sometimes it is also written as three vertical dots to the left of two vertical bars. Many Mayan city names - including Tikal, Calakmul, Chichen Itza, and Tulum - are modern names that were given when the ruins of these urban areas were rediscovered. Some offerings contained items related to water, like coral, shells, crocodile skeletons, and vessels depicting Tlaloc. To the Maya priests and kings two thousand years ago, each of the world directions had its own color. Here is the Mayan Long Count Calendar and it`s symbols. The Mayan numeral system was the system to represent numbers and calendar dates in the Maya civilization. Mayans were polytheistic and had more than ____ gods and goddesses. Qu tipo de msica es la peor? Qu tipo de msica es la peor? Its size dwarfed the Classic Maya capital of Tikal, and its existence proves that the Maya flourished centuries before the Classic Period. tanto(-a, -os, -as) + noun(s) + como = as much/many _____ as answered by Melani. Tonatiuhs tongue, shown on the Calendar Stone as a knife sticking out of his mouth, was a common icon of death as well, she said. The maya have a creation story where the woman eats a piece from a tree and becomes pregnant with twins. New discoveries are still being unearthed in the area, providing even more insight into the culture and read more, When Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, he hoped the land would be rich with gold, silver and precious spices, but perhaps the New Worlds greatest treasure was its bounty of native food crops cultivated for millennia by Indigenous Americans. They often carry many layers of meaning that everyone in the culture understands intuitively. Hunab Ku is associated with Itzama, the Mayan creator god. Milbrath said early cultures such as the Aztecs and Mayas tracked the suns movements to predict future events, such as weather patterns and astronomical cycles. a. The majority of modern-day Maya live in Guatemala, which is home to Tikal National Park, the site of the ruins of the ancient city of Tikal. I don't really know the answer to the first question, though I am assuming it is a similar story to how greek woman were made pregnant. Focusing on it is believed to facilitate clear thinking, give access to inner wisdom and encourage action that takes one to greater heights in life. Shortly thereafter, archaeologists realized that the monolith displayed the Mexica (Aztec)* goddess Coyolxauhqui, or Bells-Her-Cheeks, the sister of the Mexicas patron god, Huitzilopochtli (Hummingbird-Left), who killed his sister when she attempted to kill their mother. Each city had anywhere from 5,000 to 50,000 people. (The Maya had however a quite accurate estimation of 365.2422 days for the solar year at least since the early Classic era. and became the most powerful and influential city in the region by 400 read more, The ancient Maya, whose early settlements date back to about 2,000 B.C., lived in present-day southern Mexico and northern Central America. Mayan symbols are a rich source of material culture for the Central American civilization and are among the most important archeological finds that have helped piece together their economics, farming methods, politics, and social practices. Civilizations like the Olmec, Maya, Aztec and Inca all built pyramids to house their deities, as well as to bury their read more, The history of chocolate, and its creation from the beans of the cacao tree, can be traced to the ancient Maya, and even earlier to the ancient Olmecs of southern Mexico. Also, how do they know the chacmool was associated with the rain god, Tlatoc? 36, no. The Mayan civilization was at its peak between 250 and 900 CE, an era known as the Mayan Classical period. The Maya were deeply religious, and worshiped various gods related to nature, including the gods of the sun, the moon, rain and corn. You work for a large consulting firm and were assigned to the Gold Star LAN project. During the Classic Period (ca. Scholars of the Maya say there is no pre-colonial representation of Hunab Ku, but New Age Mayans have adopted the symbol to represent universal consciousness. These gods are thought to be brothers and the offspring of Itzamna and Ixchel. Direct link to Ailene Tan's post How did Coatlicue get pre, Posted 2 years ago. 1.traje de problana is a handmade sewn dress where women wear on special occasions. Like other Mesamerican peoples, such as the Zapotec, Totonac, Teotihuacn and Aztec, the Maya derived a number of religious and cultural traitsas well as their number system and their famous calendarfrom the Olmec. La casa es de el chico. By the time the Spanish invaders arrived, however, most Maya were living in agricultural villages, their great cities hidden under a layer of verdant rainforest. The "Long Count" portion of the Maya calendar uses a variation on the strictly numerals to show a Long Count date of 8.5.16.9.7 vigesimal numbering. Photo by Lauren Kilroy-Ewbank, View of the Templo Mayor excavations today in the center of what is now Mexico City,photo:Lauren Kilroy-Ewbank, Map of the Valley of Mexico, c. 1519 (created by Yavidaxiu, CC BY-SA 3.0), Map of Lake Texcoco, with Tenochtitlan (at left)Valley of Mexico, c. 1519. How do they know that the croaking of frogs was believed to announce the coming of the rain? The most exciting is However, they began to decline around 900 CE. ms/menos + adverb + que = more/less _____ than Most of what historians know about the Maya comes from what remains of their architecture and art, including stone carvings and inscriptions on their buildings and monuments. One of the most important features of the stone, Milbrath said, may have been washed away over time: paint. You will be graded on (a) message delivery/comprehension, (b) control of target grammar structures, (c) pronunciation, (d) control of target vocabulary, and (e) task completion per the World Languages Speaking Rubric. A: "There are some pretty unflattering rumors circulating about you now." B: "Oh, who cares? On the outermost ring, fire serpents open-jawed snakes with flames on their bodies and starry snouts represent a constellation closely associated with the sun in the dry season, when the suns powerful rays were most brilliant, Milbrath said. 11. Stone (temple). ", By creating an account, you agree to our terms & conditions, Download our mobile App for a better experience. The Classic Period, which began around A.D. 250, was the golden age of the Maya Empire. For this reason, it is sometimes known as the Maya (or Mayan) Long Count calendar. Huitzilopochtli was the patron deity of the Mexica, and he was associated with warfare, fire, and the Sun. Day numbers began with a glyph translated as the seating of a named month, which is usually regarded as day 0 of that month, although a minority treat it as day 20 of the month preceding the named month. Which artist's music is the best? This is the period when we saw the reign of cities like Tikal, Bonampak, Calakmul and Palenque. In time, the Maya had built hundreds of cities. At the top of Maya society were the kings, or kuhul ajaw (holy lords), who claimed to be related to gods and followed a hereditary succession. Milbrath said although human sacrifice was an important practice in Aztec culture, scientists should not overlook what they accomplished by being able to predict eclipses. Upon reaching 202 or 400, another row is started (203 or 8000, then 204 or 160,000, and so on). This period was known as a Calendar Round. No long count date actually using the number 0 has been found before the 3rd century, but since the long count system would make no sense without some placeholder, and since Mesoamerican glyphs do not typically leave empty spaces, these earlier dates are taken as indirect evidence that the concept of 0 already existed at the time. During the course of the project, changes in the original scope had to be made to accommodate specific needs of managers at Gold Star. Mexica (Aztec). The figure holds a vessel on his abdomen likely to receive offerings. The earliest known writing discovered in the Mayan script dates from about 250 BC, but the script is thought to have developed at an earlier date than that. You can cancel anytime! Templo Mayor (recostruction), Tenochtitlan, 1375-1520 C.E. Example: I listen to K-pop music more frequently than Reggaeton music. Mesopotamian Civilization (2): Everyday Life of Merchants, Temple Priests, and Prostitutes. Mayan scholars believe the concept of a supreme god over all the others was a belief that Spanish friars used to convert the polytheistic Mayans to Christianity. It is worn on special occasions. The Eagle is representative of focus, mental acuity, contemplative thought, sharp awareness, foresight, keen judgment, powerful communication, and inspiration. Many scientists believe the heart of the stone . Published in category Spanish, 21.10.2020 Between about 300 and 900 A.D., the Maya were read more, Teotihuacan is an ancient Mesoamerican city located 30 miles (50 km) northeast of modern-day Mexico City. The Maya also made paper from tree bark and wrote in books made from this paper, known as codices; four of these codices are known to have survived. According to the article, the Altar of the Frogs was built because the croaking of frogs was thought to herald the coming of the rainy season, and so was connected to Tlaloc, the god of rain and agriculture. For example, in your opinion is rock music better than classical music? Some offerings demonstrate the Mexicas awareness of the historical and cultural traditions in Mesoamerica. Starting from 1 with a single dot, the number went up to 19 for which three horizontal bars and four dots were used. They built huge cities using stone tools, and wood tools, and tools made from shells. One of the many intriguing things about the Maya was their ability to build a great civilization in a tropical rainforest climate. The Templo Mayor was approximately ninety feet high and covered in stucco. February 24, 2021. Were sacrificing people all the time, in different ways, she continued. Model of the sacred precinct in Tenochtitlan (National Anthropological Museum, Mexico City, photo (edited). In the Mayan system, a single digit was represented by a dot, the zero was represented by a shell and a line depicted 5. The Maya used powers of twenty, just as the HinduArabic numeral system uses powers of ten. Most of the great stone cities of the Maya were abandoned by A.D. 900, however, and since the 19th century scholars have debated what might have caused this dramatic decline. The following short list describes a few important Mayan symbols. Many scientists believe the heart of the stone to be the face of Tonatiuh(pronounced toe-NAH-tee-uh),atop which Aztecs offered human sacrifices to stave off the end of the world. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Record for at least 30 seconds and choose a minimum of 3 structures below to create your own sentences. 2.Ao viejo is known as the old year and is celebrated in December. Compare different kinds of music using Comparatives and Superlatives. Hundreds of Mayan symbols can be found carved on stone, which allow archeologists and other researchers to gain an understanding of their culture. 4.the importance of stone stick and shell was that they were used for tracking the days and used more mathematical numbers. What was the importance of stone, stick, and shell symbols in the Maya Empire? The earliest Maya were agricultural, growing crops such as corn (maize), beans, squash and cassava (manioc). tan + adjective + como = as _____ as In the southern Maya lowlands, however, there were few navigable rivers for trade and transport, as well as no obvious need for an irrigation system. After the Spanish Conquest in 1521, the Templo Mayor was destroyed, and what did survive remained buried. Pregnant women stayed indoors because they thought their children would be born with horrible deformities, she said. Similarly with subtraction, remove the elements of the subtrahend symbol from the minuend symbol: If there are not enough dots in a minuend position, a bar is replaced by five dots. For advanced computations, Mayans used a base-20 system to denote larger numbers. The Maya civilization was one of the most dominant Indigenous societies of Mesoamerica (a term used to describe Mexico and Central America before the 16th century Spanish conquest). The Mayan system is in base 20 (vigesimal) rather than base 10 (decimal). Noun. It motivates people to be patient, observant and flexible. They would then rip the heart from the chest, while it is still pumping. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maya_numerals&oldid=1140558471, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Davidson, Luis J. Based on the Aztec calendar system, a solar eclipse would not fall on that date until the 21st century, she said. 118"17.7" Stacked Stone Wallpaper 3D Rock Wallpaper Peel and Stick Wallpaper Stone Self Adhesive Wallpaper Stick and Peel Wallpaper Stone Removable Wallpaper Stone Papel Tapiz Stone Vinyl Wallpaper. Though foreign invaders were disappointed by the regions relative lack of silver and gold, the Maya took advantage of the areas many natural resources, including limestone (for construction), the volcanic rock obsidian (for tools and weapons) and salt. You can ask a new question or browse more spanish questions. If your question is not fully disclosed, then try using the search on the site and find other answers on the subject Spanish. The Maya believed that bloodletting was important to the gods who spilled their blood to create humanity. The Classic Maya built many of their temples and palaces in a stepped pyramid shape, decorating them with elaborate reliefs and inscriptions. The ancient Maya are credited with creating the most advanced Mesoamerican writing system, which was logo-syllabic, meaning that it consists of pictorial symbols or glyphs that represent either entire words or syllables. He calls it the sole giver of movement and measurement. There are many ancient Mayan symbols, we have added some of the most popular below. Record for at least 30 seconds and choose a minimum of 3 structures below to create your own sentences. In commonly used images, including one displayed beside the original stone, the surface is colorful, with a headdress- and necklace-adorned Tonatiuh depicted as a blue and red figure framed inyellow. Write your answer in English So to study Mayan archaeology, ethnography and especially most artifacts, you run into color . Is rap The Mayans were known for their sophisticated culture which included many hieroglyphics. For example the Iroquois people have a creation story where a virgin is made pregnant. However, it was rumored that the child growing in Coatlicue's womb would be the most powerful yet and be the favorite. "mathematics - Was the symbol post-classical Mayans used to represent zero really derived from a depiction of a turtle shell? Finally, some catastrophic environmental change like an extremely long, intense period of drought may have wiped out the Classic Maya civilization. Maya numerals were a vigesimal (base-twenty) numeral system used by the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization. Our rich database has textbook solutions for every discipline. It is reasonable to assume, but not proven by any evidence, that the normal system in use was a pure base-20 system. read more, Chichen Itza was a Mayan city on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. If more Mayan symbols should be found and documented, we will include them in this section of ancient Mayan symbols. While digging near the main plaza, they found a finely carved stone monolith that displayed a dismembered and decapitated woman. Two grand staircases accessed twin temples, which were dedicated to the deities Tlaloc and Huitzilopochti. Two grand staircases accessed twin temples, which were dedicated to the deities Tlaloc and Huitzilopochti. Seen as the ruler of the sky, the Eagle is associated with freedom, mental liberation, and detail-oriented vision. For the full History Unplugged podcast, click here! Between 1325 and 1519, the Templo Mayor was expanded, enlarged, and reconstructed during seven main building phases, which likely corresponded with different rulers, ortlatoani(speaker), taking office. FREE delivery Thu, Mar 9 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon. Its quite natural for people to want to predict cycles, she said. Copyright [oceanwp_date] - Ancient-Symbols.com. Over a hundred ritual caches or deposits containing thousands of objects have been found associated with the Templo Mayor. In modern-day Mexico and Central America, around 5 million people speak some 70 Maya languages; most of them are bilingual in Spanish. Mayan armies often capured people for their ritual sacrifices to please the gods. In addition to agriculture, the Preclassic Maya also displayed more advanced cultural traits like pyramid-building, city construction and the inscribing of stone monuments. From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate read more, The ancient Maya, a diverse group of indigenous people who lived in parts of present-day Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras, had one of the most sophisticated and complex civilizations in the Western Hemisphere.