Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. field of Asian Studies. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. Translations. Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Rajatarangini - Rajatarangini.pdf - [PDF Document] He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. Who translated the Ramayan & Mahabharata into Persia? This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. . Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Medieval Literature | PDF | Persian Literature | Mughal Empire - Scribd Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. 'Rajatharangini' review: A Sanskrit classic from Kashmir revisited in It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. Verse 15. Son of Sangramapida II. Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. The Loharas ruled for many generations. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. Request Permissions. The relative Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. the Kambojs Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Report Error He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 23 February 2011. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. Wife of Damodara. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. Made king by the minister Shura. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. [citation needed]. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the Son of Ajitapida. Jizya was abolished too in his command. View all Google Scholar citations [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. The. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Corrections? Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. He was (I.191) the first of his race. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. 2011 Duke University Press Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. . Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Verse 12. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. } orders. Died young. May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Rajatarangini . According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. He subdued several enemies. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time.
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