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Your email address will not be published. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. The current reservation system keeps 13% of vacancies in government sector reserved for SC, 7.5 % for ST and 27.5% for OBC. It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. thanked the writer. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Nussbaum, M. (1999). Fraser, N. (2003). Multicultural citizenship. Main Research Question. While this is an enormous step, indicative of progression, corrupt politicians many times can use such incentives to implement manipulative and unscrupulous tactics to gain support from minority groups. 9. This essay will proceed as follows. New York: Free Press. The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. (2005a). Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? Advantages of Descriptive Research. From class actions to Miss Saigon. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. Ironic to think that is how one is taught to act but stereotypes are now bigger than ever right? People still have a voice. Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. Caption. These are issues that have left minorities feeling as though they are belittled and not treated as fairly as the majority in our society. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. Pennock, J. R. (1979). Predictive analytics determines the potential outcomes of present and past actions and trends. Reliance on analytical thinki ng. These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. 2. Bicameral legislature emanates from the concept of representative democracy. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. The rise of the unelected. Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. The simplest example of this point, which is critical for an understanding of how languages function as representational systems, is the famous traffic lights example. Peter, F. (2011). Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. For minorities, America is not the land of the free. Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. Defending equality of outcome. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. Advantage. The politics of presence. New York: Oxford University Press. Como Hacer Suero De Leche Venezolano, They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. List of the Pros of Experimental Research 1. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. As one Black representative to the U.S. Congress told Carol Swain, "One of the advantages, and disadvantages, of representing blacks is their shameless loyalty to their incumbents. That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. Guinier, L. (1994). Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. Justice and the politics of difference. A table lists data in columns. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. This article will briefly describe each of these methods, their advantages, and their drawbacks. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as Comparative state feminism. 2. Hernes, H., & Skjeie, H. (1997). . 1. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? This allows more people to benefit from the decisions the government makes when compared with other types of ruling structures. Young, I. M. (1990). These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. In S. Besson & J. S. Mart (Eds. Quantitativist. In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. New York: Colombia University Press. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. Explaining Ethnic Minority Preferences in Bulgarian Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Politics at the Intersection: A Cross-National Analysis of Minority Women's Legislative Representation, Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence, Womens Representation via Parliamentary Questions (with Sven Schiltz), Regendering party politics: An introduction, Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation, THE STATE OF DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATION IN AUSTRALIA, Voting Locally Abstaining Nationally: Descriptive Representation, Substantive Representation and Minority Voters Turnout, Activating Human Rights and Peace: Universal Responsibility Conference 2008 Conference Proceedings, Personal Attributes and Latino Voting Behavior in Congress, Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Thirdly, results of this research can change over the period of time. Traveling is one of my familys favorite things to do. Fraser, N. (2013). Register or login to make commenting easier. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. From Your Site Articles Because Of Modern Feminism Disney Princess Gender Roles Are . Lexington: D. C. Heath. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. What is a Descriptive Representative? If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. There isnt enough research on the subject, with our world Under PR fewer votes are wasted as more peoples preferences are taken into account. A political-philosophical exchange. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. A major reason is that until well into the twentieth century, white men of European background constituted an overwhelming majority of the voting population. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. 6. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . They also have some other benefits over traditional headphones. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures?